English task

dalam penjabaran konjungsi, hanya dipaparkan 2 konjungsi yaitu conjunction adverb dan subordinating adverb.

1.      Conjunction

In grammar, Conjunctions are used to join sentences or clauses together.

Klausa itu terdiri dari subjek ama predikat, gabungan dari klausa itu kalimat majemuk.

Connect two sentences : Susie saw a dog. The dog only had three legs

à Susie saw a dog which only had three legs.

Why which? Because we use which to substitute other than person (animal/thing/idea) either as a subject or an object.

Sarah ran away from the dog. The dog barked at Sarah

àSarah ran away when the dog barked.

àSarah ran away because the dog barked

à.Sarah ran away until the dog barked.

Types of conjunction :

Ø  Subordinating conjunctions

a.       Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that conjoin an independent clause and a dependent clause.

•         Independent clauses can stand alone as a complete sentence. Ex : Nate left his trip

•         Subordinate clauses cannot stand alone. Ex: before Nate left on his trip.

b.      Subordinate conjunctions are words or phrases that connect a dependent clause or adjective or adverbial phrase to an independent clause. The dependent clauses provide context and description for the independent clause; in short, it adds information that isn't the direct focus of the sentence but is important in adding time, place, or reasons to the sentence.

c.       What subordinate conjunctions do so well is to connect information. Instead of having two short independent clauses that make for a choppy, difficult to read style, subordinate conjunctions allow you to connect sentences, to show relationships, to make your writing flow.

d.       As you will notice, when the subordinate conjunction comes at the beginning of a sentence, it nearly always means that a comma will follow soon, usually after the end of that clause..

e.       In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are italicized.

Ex. 1: After Josie studied the lab reports, she determined that Glen would need further treatment.

Explanation:  The After clause explains the time frame for Josie's decision that Glen needed further treatment. It gives readers the information that they need to understand how Josie determined Glen's need. Notice how the above sentence sounds so much better than if the sentence had been written with two independent clauses:

Josie studied the lab reports.                    

She determined that Glen would need further treatment.

Using a subordinate conjunction to combine the sentences not only makes the style better, but it also tells us that the decision was made after Josie had studied the reports. We can feel better that the decision is based on Josie's previous work and Glen's treatment is not unfounded!

Ex. 2: Because the war is being fought in the Middle East, oil prices will continue to rise.

Explanation: The Because clause provides a reason for the rise in oil prices, the information the writer is stressing in that sentence. Since that clause comes before the main clause, it is followed by a comma. If the clause were to come at the end of the sentence, as in

Oil prices will continue to rise because the war is being fought in the Middle East.

no comma is required.

Ex. 3: Whenever a country goes to war, certain freedoms in that country may be compromised.

Explanation: The main point in the above sentence is that freedoms may be lost; the dependent point, expressed in the whenever clause, gives explanation to the main point by describing when freedoms may be lost. Again notice the comma following the opening dependent clause.

Ex. 4: The candidate, who ran a clean race, was elected by a wide majority.

Explanation: The dependent clause here comes in the middle of the sentence and is used to clarify why the candidate won. Because this who clause can be removed from the sentence without changing the main point, commas are used to separate it from the main clause. Such an unnecessary clause is called a non-restrictive clause since it doesn't restrict the meaning of the sentence.

Ex. 5: Any voters who have registered can vote.

Explanation: In this example, the who clause is necessary to the meaning of the main clause since the meaning of the sentence is that only registered voters can vote. Without who have registered the sentence would have an entirely different meaning. As a result of the necessary clause, there are no commas. Such a clause is called a restrictive clause since it restricts the meaning of the sentence.

Here is a list of common subordinate conjunctions:

after	since	whether
although	so that	which
as	supposing	while
because	than	who
before	that	whoever
even	unless	why
even though	until
if	what
how	when
just as	whenever
next	where
now that	whereas
once	wherever

Ø  Conjunction adverb

Conjunctive adverb is an adverb that connects two clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, comparison, or other relationships.

Common conjunctive adverbs

§  Accordingly §  additionally §  again §  almost §  anyway §  as a result §  besides §  certainly §  comparatively §  consequently §  contrarily §  conversely §  elsewhere §  equally §  finally §  further §  furthermore §  hence §  henceforth §  however §  in addition §  in comparison §  in contrast §  in fact §  incidentally §  indeed §  instead §  just as §  likewise

§  meanwhile §  moreover §  namely §  nevertheless §  next §  nonetheless §  notably §  now §  otherwise §  rather §  similarly §  still §  subsequently §  that is §  then §  thereafter §  therefore §  thus §  undoubtedly §  uniquely

A conjunctive adverb can join two main clauses. In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves like a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a semicolon, not a comma, to connect the two clauses:

main clause + ; + conjunctive adverb + , + main clause.

Read these examples:

·      The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty calculus problems to solve for her morning class.

·      Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise,he would have bought the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.

·      The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair.

A conjunctive adverb will also introduce, interrupt, or conclude a single main clause. In this situation, you will often need commas to separate the conjunctive adverb from the rest of the sentence.

Check out these examples:

At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be taking his biology midterm. Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitress at the coffee house.

Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her to dinner one night soon.

After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, however.

If the break is weak, do not use comma(s).

Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.

Weak interruption = no commas.

The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.

Weak interruption = no comma.

2.      Prepositions

Preposition is a part of speech that shows a relationship between two things.

•          Location (on, under, in)

•          Timing (before, after, during)

•          Direction (from, toward, to)

Preposition	Examples
About	I will tell you a story about a lion.
Above	The plane flies above the clouds.
Across	They walked across the field.
After	After lunch, I shall complete the remaining task.
Against	I helped her going against the wishes of my loved ones.
Along	All along the way, she did not speak a word.
Among	The profit was shared among the shareholders.
Around	Due to the snow, we turned around to return home.
At	The land is at war with its neighbor.
Before	She had decided to quit before Christmas, but changed her plan.
Behind	The church is located behind the supermarket.
Below	The temperatures have dipped below freezing point.
Beneath	The water level is beneath the average level.
Beside	When we were in school, I used to sit beside her in class.
Besides	Besides maths, I am very fond of history.
Between	The profit was shared between the three of them.
Beyond	The play was beyond my expectations.
But	Everyone but her agreed with the arrangement.
By	A house by the sea, to retire, is my dream
Concerning	He is always curious about anything concerning her.
Despite	Despite the snowfall, she decided to carry on with her journey.
Down	Jimmy lives down the street.
During	She works during the day and studies at night.
Except	Except her no one has any objections to the plan.
For	I jog for 10 miles everyday.
From	She comes from Argentina.
In	When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Inside	Inside the tough exterior, lies a gentle soul.
Into	As soon as she stepped into the room, there was pin drop silence.
Like	She looks like her father.
Minus	Ten minus eight equals two.
Near	They have bought a new home near the school.
Of	A friend of mine recommended the beautician to me.
Off	To regain her lost health, it is important, she stays off her fad diet programs.
On	There is an apple on the table.
Onto	He always climbs onto the table.
Opposite	Her desk is located diagonally opposite my desk.
Out of	Out of sheer curiosity, I asked her the question.
Outside	Outside the house lies a beautiful garden.
Over	The journey cost me way over my budget.
Past	She walked past me, but refused to acknowledge my presence.
Per	What was the per person cost incurred?
Plus	Eight plus six equals fourteen.
Since	She was waiting for him since ten in the morning.
Through	I slept all through the day.
Throughout	Throughout winter, she has been sick.
To	I am going to Atlanta, before I head back home.
Toward (s)	It started raining towards the evening.
Under	The road is under repair.
Underneath	She found her earring underneath the carpet.
Until	I did not get the documents until 5 pm.
Upon	Once upon a time, there lived a king.
Up	I walked up the stairs, to see the problem.
Up to	The decision is up to the both of them.
Versus	The last game was England versus France.
Via	I will go via Sydney.
With	She walked in with her new boyfriend.
Within	She caters to customers within a radius of 5 miles.
Without	I never leave my house without an umbrella, due to the uncertain weather.